Developing A Credit Scoring Model - 2203 Words

INTRODUCTION The dataset used for the project is the German credit dataset that consists of customers’ financial and credit information and the resulting classification of customers as â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad† credit risks. This is a well-known publicly available dataset containing observations on 20 variables of 1000 past applicants of which 700 are classified as â€Å"good† credit risk and 300 are classified as â€Å"bad† credit risk. This report lists the detailed steps involved in developing a credit scoring model that can be used to determine if a new applicant is a good credit risk or a bad one, based on their predictor variables. Tools Used: SAS Enterprise Miner 4.3 IBM SPSS Statistics 22 Modeling Techniques Used: Decision Tree DATA PREPARATION AND EXPLORATION The modeling process incorporated in this project is based on the Enterprise Miner SEMMA methodology which stands for Sampling, Exploring, Modifying, Modeling, and Assessing data. The goal of this project is to develop a credit score model that can be used as a prediction model for any prospective customers. Hence, the next step was to prepare the collected data. The German credit score dataset was provided in a comma separated values (.csv) format. When the dataset was opened through MS Excel, the values of the variables were displayed as numbers without any logical understanding of what they meant. A screen shot of the data viewed through Excel is provided in Figure 1. The description of the data was provided separately (SeeShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis Of The Subprime Mortgage Crisis2261 Words   |  10 Pagesput financial institutions at the centre of harsh debate and massive critism,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦banks had gradually relaxed their screening and monitoring standards before the crisis, especially in the US subprime mortgage market. Then, they sharply curtailed new credit and forced ï ¬ rms to reduce their investments, hence propagating the financial crisis to the real economy,† (J.Godlewski, 2013, p1). The financial crisis which has been mentioned is the financial crisis occurred in 2008. Majority of consumers, companiesRead MoreTypes Of Collateral Used For Business Lending1474 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal and bank guarantees. When banks across developed and developing countries are compared, it was observed that developed countries rank real estate as the most important type of collateral more frequently than the developing countries. About 56% of the developed country banks rank real estate as the most important collateral type for business lending to small firms compared to only 37 % of the developing country banks. In case of developing countries, the banks consider a higher variety of collateralsRead MoreDevelopment Of Rad Tokens983 Words   |  4 Pagesfacilitate the development of our p2p lending platform and a line of credit products. What is RAD token? RAD token is issued to fund the development of RAD Lending Platform and a family of credit products built on it. RAD Lending platform is based on a concept of peer-to-peer (p2p) lending with credit products secured by borrower’s crypto assets. †¢ A family of credit products will start with: †¢ RAD credit card with grace period and a credit limit secured by borrower’s crypto assets †¢ Personal loan securedRead MoreData Mining in Banking Industry2778 Words   |  12 Pagesthe financial behavior before and by the time the client was given the credit. The bank clients are classified into four classes. The first class clients contain all those clients who pay back the bank credit without any problems. The second class clients contain all those clients who pay back the bank credit with little problems here and there. The third class clients contain all those clients who should only get a bank credit after detailed checks because substantial problems occurred in the pastRead MoreEvaluation And Applied Research Methods1068 Words   |  5 Pageshealth programs could be evaluated. Webb (1975) proposed an objective scoring system that enables individual programs to evaluate their capabilities objectively in relation to a realistic, albeit theoretical, model occupational health program. In order to evaluate a program’s capability to fulfill its mission and c ommitment to short range and long range health interests of its employees, Webb (1975) illustrated that having a scoring system in which weights were assigned to different components of aRead More Data Mining in a Nut Shell Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pagespre-process the data† (SAS Institute). There are several different types of models and algorithms used to â€Å"mine† the data. These include, but are not limited to, neural networks, decision trees, rule induction, boosting, and genetic algorithms. Neural networks are physical cellular systems which can acquire, store, and utilize experiential knowledge (Zurada). Neural networks offer a way to efficiently model large and complex problems. Decision trees are diagrams used for making decisionsRead MorePestel Factors Affecting Credit Card Industry1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe political and legal environment In the aftermath of the credit crisis, governments and regulators are strengthening consumer protections and promoting the concept of responsible lending; new developments are being made with the customer’s interests in mind, ensuring that the customer is in control of their own finances,. The Consumer Credit Act section 75 provides added protection to consumers, offered for transactions over  £100. It is notable that higher earners, are among the financially savvyRead MoreA Report on Sme Financing in India3287 Words   |  14 Pagestheir service of SMEs is a major factor in increasing SME access to finance. Although, numerous issues surface when it comes to SME lending, banks, by employing a range of measures, such as risk adjusted pricing, credit scoring models, and SME-tailored non-lending products are developing ways to mitigate risks, lower costs, and increase the overall benefit accrued from SME banking. Question 1: Why Banks should lend to SMEs? SME banking is an industry in transition. From a market that was consideredRead MoreThe Dictionary Of Banking And Finance1471 Words   |  6 Pagesto include a critical place in the field of money related administrations in India in the changed period. This field of money related administrations could turn out to be more imperative in the years to come. The always expanding modernity and developing of the monetary markets from one viewpoint, and the quick changing corporate scene from a defensive foundation to a globalized commercial center on the other, would prompt more unpredictable corporate exchanges and hence, the part of speculationRead MoreIntroduction. Predictive Analytics Is Quantitative Analysis1371 Words   |  6 Pages costs, headcount, metrics; customer churn; credit scoring; cross sell / up sell opportunities; market campaign response; anomalies, fraud. SAP Predictive Analytics is business intelligence software from SAP that is designed to enable organizations to analyze large data sets and predict future outcomes and behaviors. For example, SAP Predictive Analytics can help make sense of big data and the Internet of Things by building predictive analytics models to identify unforeseen opportunities, better

The Pros and Cons of Hosting the Olympics Essay - 1046 Words

With over two hundred countries participating, the Olympic Games is easily considered as one of the largest multisport event known to history. The Olympics are held at a different country, and even more rarely at the same city. For a country to be chosen to host the Olympics, the country’s National Olympic Committee (the country’s representatives for the Olympics) nominates a city (from the country they represent) that they think has potential in hosting the Olympics nine years prior to when they wish to host the Olympics. It is a two year process that consists of: Application Phase, Candidate Phase and the Election of the Host City. The country that wins the election is given seven years to prepare for the Olympics. (International†¦show more content†¦Countries utilize both the vast market and the attractiveness to increase ticket sales, sales in merchandise and tourism in their country. For the 2012 Olympic in London, it was estimated that 471,000 people visi ted from overseas primarily for the Olympic/Paralympics. (Visits to the UK for the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympics - ONS, 2013, p. xx-xx) Not only does the country benefit from the ticket sales, but other businesses in the city (Hotels, restaurants, attractions, etc.) will flourish in business due to all the international trades that are occurring. The Olympic also provide jobs since the preparation, and the execution of the event requires a large staff as well as people with different skills. (Performers, construction workers, marketers, designers, etc.) Thanks to the Olympics, the United Kingdom saw a boost of  £9.9 Billion ($17,805,486,600 CAD) in trades and investments. (London 2012 Olympics have boosted UK economy by  £9.9bn, 2013) Hosting the Olympics can also make a psychological impact. With the great success Japan had in hosting the 1964 Olympics, (the first Asia Olympics as well as a method of being reaccepted by the rest of the world after World War Two), ne ws that Japan will be hosting the Olympics 2020 significantly brought their citizen’s morale up after being hit withShow MoreRelatedEvents Of Event Hosting As A Business Strategy And Recommends Some Valuable Executive Plans1646 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization asset in amenities and services, some of which influence narrow post-event service. This article debates some of the pros and cons of event hosting as a business strategy and recommends some valuable executive plans. Vancouver Olympics 2010 Pros and Cons The 2010 has remained a plenteous year for main event hosting in Canada. In Vancouver, the 2010 Winter Olympics providing both a sight of sport that enraptured the country as well as a heave of awards, counting those all main hockey medalsRead MoreAn Historic Mega Event Such As The Olympics Brings Together1628 Words   |  7 PagesAn historic mega event such as the Olympics brings together nations from all over the globe to encourage young athletes by creating national pride, as well as celebrating sport. The first modern Olympics was held in 1896, encouraging cities across the world to compete, and host the event. Canada has hosted the Olympics three times in the past: summer in 1976 in Montreal, the Winter Olympics of 1988 in Calgary, and most recently, the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver (Junyk, 2016). This paper willRead MoreJapan s Olympic Games Against Rio De Janeiro1921 Words   |  8 PagesJapan s Olympic Win Beads of sweat dripped down Tsunekazu Takeda s forehead as he eagerly awaited the fate of his beloved city Tokyo. He glanced around nervously to his fellow committee members as they had their eyes deadlocked on the 70 year old president of the International Olympic Committee Jacques Rogge. The defeat in the previous biddings 4 years ago still lingered in everyone s mind as a nervous chill ran down his back as he watched as Rogge was handed the envelop. All was silent in theRead MoreNazi Germany Positive And Negative Effects On The World War I1731 Words   |  7 Pages militarism, propaganda, economic policies and their power to elimination any of the opposition. The positive impacts under the Nazi rule were full employment and economic growth, increase in national prestige and pride, huge successful at hosting the Olympics in 1936 and regaining lost territories. The negative impacts under the Nazi rule were persecution of minorities, economic growth focused on the militarily, expans ionism as the path to war and loss of the personal freedom. Overall, rule of TotalitarianismRead Morehospitality industry5225 Words   |  21 Pagesindustry (P9)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18 Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 1.1/P1 Oxford Dictionary defines hospitality as receiving and hosting customers, visitors and strangers with cordiality and good reputation. Receptors hospitality services perceive this service sector accompanied by food and friendly service  good drink and familiar atmosphere. On the other hand, those who provideRead MoreSome people say that parents should decide on what kind of medical care their children should receive, while others believe that this is the state’s responsibility7734 Words   |  31 Pagesyour opinion. There is frequently great competition to host international sporting events. Not everyone, however, believes that  the price  involved in hosting such events is worthwhile. For me, this is an understandable point of view and perhaps not every country should try and stage international sporting events. The major argument against hosting international sporting events is  financial. Typically, it can  cost several million pounds  to  build the arenas  and modernise the infrastructure so thatRead MoreUnderstanding Marketing Management16709 Words   |  67 Pagesmanagement consultants. Many market offerings mix goods and services, such as a fast-food meal. EVENTS Marketers promote time-based events, such as major trade shows, artistic performances, and company anniversaries. Global sporting events such as the Olympics and the World Cup are promoted aggressively to both companies and fans. 6 PART 1 UNDERSTANDING MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Rolling Stones have done a masterful job of marketing their rebellious form of rock and roll to audiences of allRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesGaining Visibility 606 Mentors 607 Success in Key Projects 608 Summary 608 Project Management Equations C H A P T E R O N E Modern Project Management Estimate 5 Project networks 6 Schedule resources costs 8 l ona nati nter jects I pro 15 Define project 4 Reducing duration 9 Introduction 1 Organization 3 Managing risk 7 Monitoring progress 13 Project closure 14 16 Oversig ht 17 Agile PM Strategy 2 Leadership 10 Teams 11 OutsourcingRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagesmore easily with clinicians on other hospital floors or at other worksites as well as by accessing electronic patient records and test results at the patient’s bedside. Another growing trend has been the usage of the Internet to obtain remote â€Å"hosting† or other IT capabilities from â€Å"the cloud† (Bala and Henderson, 2010). In Softwareas-a-Service (SaaS) models, third-party service providers deploy, manage, and remotely host software applications on a rental or lease agreement. This is an especiallyRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesimpediments to global integration; however, differences in economic systems and approaches persist, making international management an ongoing challenge. In light of these developments, answer the following questions: (1) What are some of the pros and cons of globalization and free trade? (2) How might the rise of social media result in closer connections (and fewer conflicts) among nations? (3) Which regions of the world are most likely to benefit from globalization and integration in the years

Role of Community Nursing Tolerant Pilot Programs

Question: Discuss about the Role of Community Nursingfor Tolerant Pilot Programs. Answer: Ways to deal with enhancing access to administer to underserved populaces in Afghanistan. The accompanying areas look at various ways to deal with enhancing access to medicinal services for hindered populaces. Tolerant Pilot Programs Guide parts started in auxiliary care as a method for helping minority or underserved patients with growth. These gatherings were known to be monetarily, socially, phonetically and instructively burdened in interfacing with the intricate areas of the medicinal services framework that recognize, analyze, and treat disease. The tumor guide part is depicted in some detail in this segment as it is generally entrenched and more broad intercessions have been created from applying a similar model in different conditions. There are four expansive ranges where guides can contribute most to wiping out differences in malignancy results: aversion and early recognition; medicinal services get to and coordination; protection scope; and assorted qualities and social competency. Pilot parts in disease plan to expand screening take-up, accelerate analysis after introductory test outcomes and encourage the patient trip through the wellbeing framework all through treatment and development Ostroukh, And rey (2012). In the event that the opportunity to conclusion can be shortened, for instance, incongruities at the phase of analysis can conceivably be decreased and growth results progressed. The guides depicted in the malignancy writing might be prepared laypeople from the objective group or medical caretakers working from inside the wellbeing framework. Understanding guides vary from other social bolster specialists and care facilitators in that they adopt an adaptable strategy to tackling whatever issues emerge instead of conveying a pre-characterized set of administrations. The patient pilot writing in the territory of disease is fundamentally from the United Nation route should be recognized from virtual route devices for patients to give online data and support. These are not gone for burdened populaces and are probably going to be unavailable for those with low levels of proficiency in English. States and concentrates on underserved minority populaces who have insufficient or no medical coverage. Guides have worked at tending to social, instructive and language boundaries to screening and contacting individuals who are detached from the wellbeing framework. Five projects were assessed at the season of production, and these recommended great results in enhanced rates of screening and follow-up for patients and in addition, the significant wellbeing administration's capacity to connect with, track and bolster patients, and to speak with and manufacture trust with burdened populaces. Troubles with assessment are noted, including the requirement for a mo re full meaning of the guide part, and the improvement of proper measures of administration adequacy and cost viability specifically populace bunches Bidder, Benjamin (2012) Guides in Essential Care Various Afghanistan District Health Boards have executed pilots in essential medicinal services. While just some of these guides are particularly gone for youngsters and youngsters, all are coordinated at high needs populaces. One case is that executed by the West Coast District Health Board. The administration utilizes four lay guides, who are outstanding locally and comfortable with accessible administrations. They bolster patients with complex clinical and social issues influencing their capacity to get to medicinal services and social support in the meagerly populated locale. Initially directed at patients with tumor, this has now been stretched out to take in different patients with long haul mind needs. Most patients (around 60%) are alluded through direction ranging from shape filling to settling a debate between a patient and their work and income manager. Persistent fulfillment seems to have been high and patients are accounted for to have been less focused on once obstructi ons to care were dealt with what's more, they could focus on getting admirably provides details regarding this administration, depicting its advancement, reason and impacts in light of use information, study results, and meetings with the pilots Pincock, Stephen (2015). The creator has noticed that in the wake of seeing this model in real life, she inferred that the administration may increase the value of the right now extended workforce in essential care, especially in an inadequately populated rustic locale, for example, the West Coast. Their techniques to enhance get to incorporate facilities situated in strip malls with neighboring open transport, a stroll in administration without any arrangements required, a low expense structure, connected data between centers so patients can go to any center, broadened hours, and social support gave by clinical family guides. As indicated by their site the guides are for the most part abroad prepared GPs and medical caretakers who are not yet enlisted in Afghanistan. Guide benefits in essential social insurance depicted in the universal writing take after much an indistinguishable model from those in disease screening and determination yet the writing is moderately inadequate. One of the best created. The administration serves a low-pay populace where inconsistencies, for example, destitution and perpetual anxiety are exacerbated by the quantity of individuals who don't have citizenship. Is attention to administrations low, as well as administrations are divided and inhabitants frequently confront long qualification and enrolment systems. Moreover, most who utilize the administration have phonetic and proficiency challenges. The administration is phone just and does not select customers but rather bargains just with the individuals who call them Hansen, Peter (2008). There are two arms to the administration. A Benefits and Enrolment Department helps qualified customers access open help programs. An inventive association with the Afghanistan has empowered customers to give data by telephone so that a staff part can finish applications on the web and submit them with a recorded telephonic mark. The other arm of the administration works with group accomplices to give a solitary get to indicate wellbeing related data and referral to administrations Anyangwe, Eliza (2013). Confinements were the long hold up time from referral to being seen by a group wellbeing administration, particularly emotional well-being administrations, and the withdrawal of a few of the taking an interest businesses in view of the financial downturn in 2009-2010. Transport to arrangements at a facility turned out to be a specific hindrance even with the inclusion of the pilot. After the venture completed, just a restricted adaptation ended up being manageable with a blend of open and private gifts, a little measure of boss endowment and unassuming client expenses. The administration was exceptionally effective with the important groups; the guides progressed toward becoming learning intermediaries in wellbeing as well as on numerous other social issues, for example, convenience, business, and money related issues, and in addition producing exercises to assemble limit and strengthening for what has to come. Group individuals looked to them to deal with any issues with wellbeing and social administrations, for example, going with them to doctor's facility or to social or welfare administrations to translate and advocate for them. Nevertheless, the dedication and benevolence of the guides prompted them investing significantly more energy than they were utilized for helping group individuals, regularly to the weakness of their own families. Large portions of them ended up plainly focused and over-burden by their prosperity and did not trust they could support the part long haul Rao, K (27 May 2009). Group Wellbeing Laborers The pilot part has impressive cover with the group wellbeing laborer part, the essential distinction having all the earmarks of being the more broad wellbeing advancement that Community health workers every now and again go up against in groups, for example, screening for diabetes, and conveying classes in nourishment, medical aid and mischance counteractive action. Parts of Community health workers portrayed in the writing spread a wide range outreach what's more, case discovering, group wellbeing instruction, interpretation, organizing transport, interfacing individuals to social administrations, and at times case administration under the supervision of a medical attendant or social laborer. They may be completely paid, mostly paid, or volunteer, formal or casual, lay or expert. Community health workers normally invest the greater part of their energy out in the group yet might be connected with a therapeutic administration where they book arrangements for patients, send updates, a nd liaise between various parts of the wellbeing division for patients. Suggestions Support the community health workers association with the group. The way that the adequacy of the work of the community health worker depends completely on his or her association with the group is shockingly regularly neglected. Many projects concentrate on clinical preparing, supervisory agendas, coordination, to the avoidance of exercises that bolster the group relationship. Viable projects have situated the entire program to bolster and reinforce each cooperation that a community health worker has with group individuals. Numerous cases of such endeavors are given all through the paper, from open acknowledgment of community health worker work by bosses to employment associates that bolster the progressing discourse between group individuals and Community health workers. Programs should persistently ask what should be possible to advance valuable associations Steinhardt, Laura; David P. (2010). Utilize numerous motivators. In a large portion of the projects evaluated, impetuses were actualized in a specially appointed way as opposed to as a component of a methodical program. It is valuable to distinguish the elements of each of the motivators used to comprehend which are the basic capacities and how those might shift in light of the community health worker part and sort of group. Inherent motivating forces work to advance a feeling that the work is advantageous, while outward motivators incorporate compensation and expanded status inside the group and with associates. Obviously, both characteristic and outward impetuses ought to be executed and checked. Community health workers keep on playing a critical part in numerous worldwide essential medicinal services programs. While proceeding with their preventive and group preparation errands, Community health workers are progressively getting to be noticeably required in-group based case administration of common youth infections . The Community system lays out three components of execution and depicts distinctive sorts of groups where those components are proper Arur, A (22 October 2009). Conclusion All in all Community health workers are not paid compensations in light of the fact that the ministry of health or benefactors do not view pay rates as reasonable. However, Community health workers are frequently considered responsible and directed as though they were representatives. Community health worker programs must perceive that Community health workers are volunteers, regardless of the possibility that they get little money related or nonmonetary motivating forces. They are volunteering their opportunity to serve the group. Keep on understanding your program. Many projects do not comprehend why their Community health workers drop out. References Steinhardt, Laura; David P. (2010). "Targeting accuracy and impact of a community-identified waiver card scheme for primary care user fees in Afghanistan". International Journal for Equity in Health. 9 (28). Rao, K (27 May 2009). "An Experiment with Community Health Funds in Afghanistan". Health Policy and Planning. Retrieved 26 May 2012. Steinhardt, Laura, Iqbal P. (2011). "Removing user fees for basic health services: a pilot study and national roll-out in Afghanistan". Health Policy and Planning. Arur, A (22 October 2009). "Contracting for Health and Curative Care Use in Afghanistan Between 2004 and 2005". Health Policy and Planning. Retrieved 26 May 2012. Hansen, Peter (2008). "Determinants of Primary Care Service Quality in Afghanistan". Retrieved 26 May 2012. Rivera, Ray; Sahak, Sharifullah (2011). "Blast Hits Military Hospital in Afghan Capital". The New York Times. Anyangwe, Eliza (2013). "Merlin, Save the Children and the business of not merging". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014. Morris, Kelley (30 May 2008). "Merlin why we need another hero". Lancet. 351 (9116): 1642. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)77708-4. ISSN 0099-5355. Angelucci, Diane Donofrio (May 2011). "The Role of Physical Therapists in Disaster Relief". PT in Motion. 3 (4): 1825. ISSN 1949-3711. "United Nations Civil Society Participation General (Merlin)". UN NGO Branch Merlin Profile. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 28 October 2012. "#25 Merlin". Top 100 NGOs. The Global Journal. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012. Lau, Deb (2010). "Disaster relief: helping the survivors of the Haiti earthquake.". Emergency Nurse. 17 (10): 1821. Pincock, Stephen (2015). "Lunch with The Lancet.". Lancet. 365 (9456): 287. Myers, Steven Lee (23 January 2006). "Echoes of Cold War: Russia Accuses Britain of Spying". New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2012. Ostroukh, Andrey (2012). "Russia's Putin signs NGO "foreign agents" law". Reuters. Retrieved 30 October 2012. Bidder, Benjamin (2012). "Kremlin Seeks to Brand Activists 'Foreign Agents'". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 30 October 2012.

The Caribbean Identity

Nowadays, it became quite fashionable sociologists and political scientists to discuss the essence of Caribbean people’s existential mode as such that derive out of their possession of strongly defined ‘Caribbean identity’. In its turn, this identity is being defined as something that has very little to do with the qualitative essence of native populations’ tendency to assess surrounding reality through ethno-cultural lenses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Caribbean Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, people in the Caribbean are being assumed capable of adopting an open-minded perspective onto the very concept of identity, as opposed to be concerned with exploring the subtleties of their individuality in essentially tribalistic manner. After all, since most Germans, Brits and French do not have objections against being referred to as ‘Westerners’, why should Dominicans, Puerto-Ricans and Haitians, for example, have objections against being referred to as simply ‘Caribbeans’? And, once the existence of a distinct Caribbean identity is being confirmed, it will provide the advocates of such an identity with a legitimate justification to look into gaining additional academic credits by designing ‘theories’ as to how ‘Caribbean identity’ should be explored by those who are believed to posses it, in the first place. After all, according to multicultural paradigm, regardless of what ethno-cultural identity’s qualitative subtleties might be, it should never ceased being celebrated: â€Å"Visibility establishes who we are. It supports the naming of the Caribbean identity in America; it gives context to our being and history to our belonging†¦ So my fellow Caribbeans, my fellow Americans, let us celebrate [identity] together† (Nelson, 2007, p. 3). Nevertheless, the actual realities of Caribbean living point out to the fact, unlike what the proponents of a strong ‘Caribbean identity’ would like us to believe, the natives in the Caribbean proper continue to think of their existential identity as something quite inseparable from the color of their skin and their culturally-religious affiliation. And, given the fact that the color of people’s skin in the Caribbean, ranges rather dramatically from country to country, the very idea of a unified ‘Caribbean identity’ appears conceptually fallacious. As Schmidt (2008) had pointed out: â€Å"With regard to the multiple dimensions of Caribbean culture(s) one has to accept that culture can no longer be defined as a self-contained entity but as something full of discontinuities, repetitions and contradictions† (p. 2). In our paper, we will aim to explore the validity of an earlier articulated suggestion at length, while arguing that, as of today, there are no objective preconditions for people in the Caribbean to posses ‘trans-ethnic’ sense of identity. In his book, Anderson (1991) came up with particularly valuable observation, in regards to the discussed subject matter: â€Å"Nationness is virtually inseparable from political consciousness† (p. 135). What author wanted to say is that, the subtleties of how one perceives its national/social identity cannot be discussed outside of what defines such individual’s ability to indulge in abstract reasoning.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, prior to French Revolution of 1789, Europeans were not even aware of such notion as ‘nation’. And, the reason why, during the course of 19th century, this notion had obtained a politically legitimate status, is that Europeans’ ability to rationalize life’s challenges, had led them to realize the sheer outdate dness of system of social stratification, based upon artificially drawn lines between ‘nobles’ and ‘commoners’. Alternatively, due to realities of Globalization, more and more Europeans now grow to realize the outdatedness of the concept of ‘nation’ – the fact that, as of today, there are no borders between countries of E.U., confirms the validity of an earlier suggestion more than anything else does. Nowadays, more and more people in Europe are willing to refer to themselves as simply ‘Europeans’, as opposed to being referred to as French, German, British, Italian, etc. What had made such a situation possible? The partial answer to this question is contained in Lynn and Vanhanen’s (2002) book. While being endowed with rather heightened ability to operate with abstract categories, Europeans were naturally predisposed towards assessing their identity in intellectually flexible manner – hence, their tendency to t hink of it along social rather than ethnic lines. The same, however, cannot be said about the majority of people in Caribbean countries.[1] And, as history indicates, people’s lessened ability to indulge in abstract reasoning is being reflective of essentially tribal workings of their psyche – hence, these people’s preoccupation with exploring their ‘ethnic uniqueness’ as the actual source of their identity. In part, this explains why, for example, in Caribbean countries, there were no incidents of local populations having revolted against intellectual oppression of Catholic Church, as it used to be the case in other Latin American countries. As Sued-Badillo (1992) had put it: â€Å"Contrary to what occurred in many other regions of America, the Caribbean experience has had far shorter breathing space for the exercise of intellectual liberty† (p. 601). Therefore, the very concept of ‘Caribbean identity’ cannot be thought of as an ything but an indication of a simple fact that, those Western ‘sophisticates’ who invented it, simply do not understand the basic laws of biology. The same can be said about the quality of these ‘experts’’ understanding of what accounts for one’s ability to adopt an open-minded outlook on its own identity, in sociological context of this word. Apparently, these people have a particularly hard time, while grasping a simple fact that, in Caribbean countries, there are no objectively existing preconditions for local populations to adopt intellectually advanced perspective onto what constitutes their individuality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Caribbean Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason for this is simple – Caribbean societies are essentially agricultural. And, the mentality of rural dwellers differs rather dramatically from the mentality of ur banites who reside in large megalopolises. Whereas; the foremost psychological traits of an urbanite are his or her perceptional flexibility, respect towards secular and impersonal law, and willingness to adjust its worldview to correspond to highly technological realities of post-industrial living, the foremost psychological traits of a ‘natural-born-peasant’, whose rate of IQ does appear particularly high, are his or her strong sense of tribal belonging, intellectual stiffness and hypertrophied sense of religiosity. As Benet (1963) had noted: â€Å"Urbanism constitutes a separate moral order† (p. 5). What it means is that, given the fact that in Caribbean countries, the majority of citizens never cease being depended on land, while trying to make living, it leaves them with little time to indulge in abstract thinking as to what should they be considering the source of their identity, outside of what their elders tell them. And, as we are well aware from classic al anthropological studies, the representatives of ‘authority’ in rural areas tend to endow younger people with tribal loyalty towards their particular village/tribe, while acting as if outside world simply did not exist. In his book, Là ©vy Bruhl (1928) was able to define the qualitative essence of rural (primitive) perception of surrounding reality with utter precision: â€Å"Identity appears in their (natives’) collective representations†¦ as a moving assemblage or totality of mystic actions and reactions, within which individual does not subjectualize but objectualize itself† (p. 120). Even if people in the Caribbean were capable of adopting some form of collective identity, the very fact that most Caribbean countries are essentially islands, separated by hundreds or even thousands of nautical miles, would prevent them from doing so. What also refutes the soundness of an idea that there can be a unified ‘Caribbean identity’ is the fa ct that Caribbean societies can be the least referred to as ethnically and culturally homogenous. According to Premdas (1996): â€Å"[In Carribean] There are Whites, Blacks, Browns, Yellows, Reds, and an assortment of shades in between.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are Europeans, Africans, Asian Indians, Indonesian Javanese, Chinese, Aboriginal Indians, and many mixes† (p. 2). And, even though that in theory, the multicultural fabric of Caribbean societies should not undermine these societies’ inner integrity from within, it does so in reality. The proof to this suggestion’s validity can be found in Korom’s (1994) article. According to the author, it is not only that the Shi’ah of St. James, which he defines as â€Å"one very small Islamic community within the Trinidadian East Indian population†, lead socially withdrawn lives, but they are being often looked upon by other Trinididians as enemies: â€Å"Their (Shi’ah) view is a minority opinion challenged by virtually every other cultural and ethnic group on the island† (p. 1). The strong animosity, which defines Dominicans and Haitians’ attitudes towards each other, is also being quite illustrative, in this respect. This animo sity extrapolated itself in Dominican refusal to provide aid to earthquake-stricken Haiti in 2010. As it was pointed out in Martinez’s (2003) article, Dominicans think of Haitians as nothing less of inferior beings: â€Å"Many Dominicans believe themselves to be utterly different from and incompatible with their neighbors from across the island†¦ Haitian immigrants have been victimized and denied basic rights† (p. 82). These two examples alone expose those who theorize on the existence of commonly shared ‘Caribbean identity’ as dreamers, at best. Therefore, we cannot agree with people who, due to the specifics of their political engagement, find it appropriate to speculate on the subject of what defines the formation of one’s existential identity, without backing up their opinion by references to scientifically proven facts. It goes without saying of course, that such theoreticians of post-colonial identity as Homi Bhabha, have proven themselve s rather efficient, when it comes to indulging in sophistically sounding but essentially meaningless rhetoric, as to what accounts for the formation of such an identity. In fact, Bhabha’s theory of ‘hybrid identity’ indeed raises a number of legitimate points.[2] After all, it cannot be denied that the representatives of second and third generations of Jamaican immigrants do act in rather ‘ambivalent’ manner, while ridiculing the colonial past of European countries where they came to live. Nevertheless, what advocates of ‘Caribbean identity’ do not seem to understand is the fact that one’s existential distinctiveness cannot be referred to as something ‘constructed’ but rather ‘inborn’. The irony lays in the fact that, while theorizing on the essence of ‘hybrid identity’, individuals like Bhabha try their best to avoid mentioning the actual source of such an identity – the racial hybrid ization of those who are being assumed to posses it, in the first place. And yet, as Park (1931) had rightly noted: â€Å"It is evident that man’s biological and his cultural interests are not always in harmony, and that social and political organizations are frequently either a compromise or, to speak in sociological terms, an accommodation in the attempt to reconcile them† (p. 536). As practice indicates, the extent of just about any empirical research’s validity exponentially correlates to the extent of its political disengagement. Therefore, it comes as not a particular surprise that the concept of ‘Caribbean identity’ does not seem to correspond to the objective realities of today’s living – pure and simple. After all, Soviet anthropologists also used to promote the idea that, due to having been subjected to Communist propaganda for a while, Russians had embraced the identity of ‘Soviet people’. The sheer fallaciousne ss of such an idea, however, is being clear to just about anyone capable of utilizing his or her sense of rationale. We believe that provided earlier line of argumentation confirms the validity of paper’s initial thesis. There can be no unified ‘Caribbean identity’, simply because the existence of such an identity would violate the objective laws of history, biology and sociology. Therefore, the arguments of advocates of ‘Caribbean identity’ cannot even be considered seriously. Apparently, people who believe in otherwise, simply lack intellectual honesty to recognize a simple fact that, just as it is being with animals and plants, the representatives of Homo Sapiens specie continuously evolve. And, it is namely the most intellectually evolved individuals, who are being capable of attaining socially rather than ethnically defined sense of self-identity. Unfortunately, the fact that, for duration of centuries, Caribbeans have been subjected to the proc ess of racial hybridization, while becoming increasingly marginalized, in intellectual context of this word, prevented them from adopting ‘trans-ethnic’ sense of identity. This is exactly the reason why these people’s perception of self-identity is being essentially plural – that is, the representatives of just about every ethno-cultural group in the region consider themselves being absolutely unique. All that Western proponents of ‘Caribbean identity’ would have to do, in order to be able to come to terms with this fact, is to take a trip to the region. References Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread  of nationalism. London: Verso. Benet, F. (1963). Sociology uncertain: The ideology of the rural-urban continuum.  Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6 (1), 1-23. Bhabha, H. (1984). Of mimicry and man: The ambivalence of colonial discourse.  October, 28, 125-133. Korom, F. (1994). Memory, i nnovation and emergent ethnicities: The creolization of an Indo-Trinidadian performance. Diaspora, 3 (2),135-155. Là ©vy Bruhl, L. (1928). The soul of the primitive. (translated by Lilian A. Clare), London: George Allen Unwin Ltd. Lynn, R. Vanhanen, T. (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. Martinez, S. (2003). Not a cockfight: Rethinking Haitian-Dominican relations.  Latin American Perspectives, 30(3), 80-101. Nelson, C. (2007). June is Caribbean-American heritage month. Americas, 59(3), 3. Park, R. (1931). Mentality of racial hybrids. The American Journal of Sociology, 36(4), 534-551. Premdas, R. (1996). Ethnicity and identity in the Caribbean: Decentering a myth.  Caribbean Studies. Web. Schmidt, B. (2008). Caribbean diaspora in USA: Diversity of Caribbean religions  in New York City. New York: Ashgate Pub Co. Sued-Badillo, J. (1992). Facing up to Caribbean history. American Antiquity, 57 (4), 599-607. Footnotes Lynn, R. Vanha nen, T. (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group), 85. Bhabha, H. (1984). Of mimicry and man: The ambivalence of colonial discourse. (October, 28), 126. This essay on The Caribbean Identity was written and submitted by user Amya Mcleod to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.